w-- water
z-- zoo
（注意q与u总是连在一起的）
有多个发音的辅音：
字母 发音 例词
c字母c后面接a，o，u的时候，c的发音与字母k发音相同，叫做“hard c sound”cat, cap, call, coat, cup
当字母c后面接e，i，或y的时候，通常c的发音与字母s发音相同，叫做“soft c sound”city, ice, rice, face, cell, cent, voice, pencil, juice
有时在e或i前面，c会发/sh/音ocean, racial, social
g字母g后面接a，o，u的时候，所发的音叫做“hard g sound” girl, gas, get, give, go
当字母g后面接e，i，或y的时候，有时g的发音与字母j的发音相同，叫做“软g音”age, change, ginger, Egypt, gentle, giraffe, badge
特例：forget, give, girl中的g发hard sound
x在单词中间或结尾时发/ks/音box, next, mix, six, fox
x在单词中间时有时发/gz/音exit, exam, exact
x在单词起始位置时发/z/音xylophone, Xerox
y在单词起始位置时发音为辅音 yes, you, yard, year, yell
y在单词或音节中间或结尾时被当做元音
y在结尾，单词只有一个音节时y发长/i/音，
y在结尾，单词有两个或以上音节时y发长/e/音
y在单词或音节中间时，发短/i/音
字母组合 例词：
带有l的字母组合
bl-- black, blame, bless, blue, blast
cl--clock, class, clap, clue, close
fl--flag, fly, flat, flash, flower
gl--glass, glad, glide, glue, globe
pl--plate, plane, place, plus, plan
sl--sled, sleep, slow, slide, slim
带有r的字母组合
br--bridge, break, brave, brown, bread
cr--crab, crack, crop, crown, creek
dr--dress, drag, drink, drive, drop
fr--frog, fresh, free, from, front
gr--grape, grade, grass, grin, grunt
pr--press, pride, price, print, proof
tr--truck, track, true, train, tree
带有s的字母组合
sc--scale, scar, score, scare, scuff
sk--skate, skip, skill, skull, skin
sm--smoke, smile, smog, smell, smear
sn--snake, snap, snore, snow, snug
sp--spoon, spin, spot, spell, sport
st--stop, stack, stay, step, still
sw--swim, swell, swing, sweet, swift
tw--twig, tweet, twist, twin, twine
三个字母组合
shr--shrink, shred, shrill, shrimp, shrub
spl --splash, split, splice, splint, splurge
spr --spread, spring, spree, sprain, spray
squ--square, squad, squirrel, squat, squeak
str --string, strip, straw, stream, street
thr--throw, three, throne, thrift, thrill
在结尾的字母组合
ck（只发一个/k/音） --duck, pack, quick, luck, rock
ld--cold, gold, held, mild, bald
lk--milk, silk, elk, sulk, skulk
mp--lamp, damp, champ, hump, dump
nch--inch, ranch, lunch, bench, crunch
nd--hand, kind, bend, stand, mind
ng（这个音比较特别，是舌头抵住上颚后方所发出的鼻音）--ring, long, sing, wing, lung
nk--sink, bank, trunk, pink, ink
nt--tent, ant, hunt, sent, mint
sh--fish, rash, brush, wish, trash
st--vest, last, test, list, lost
字母组合 不发音字母 例词
gh hghost, ghetto, ghastly
gn ggnat, gnarl, gnaw, gnome, sign
kn kknife, knit, know, knock, knee
mb bcomb, lamb, thumb, dumb, climb
pn ppneumonia
ps ppsalm, psychic, psychology
rhhrhinoceros, rhyme, rhythm
sc cscissors, scent, scene, scenery, scenario
wr wwrong, wrist, wrap, wretch, wrench
gh ghlight, high, eight, sigh, night
学习phonics，除了要熟记各种规则外，还应多读，多练，才能把各种不规则发音牢记在心，灵活运用。
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